Defining the Future of Education Essay -- Educating Argumentative Pers

Characterizing the Future of Education What ought to be the objectives of rudimentary training inside an undeniably various populace? The basic and evident answer is that an instructive organization ought to be a spot for people to learn. The activity of the instructor is to give realities, share techniques in which the realities can be learned and model predictable and suitable conduct. Such conduct should comprise of demonstrating fitting introduction, neatness, regard, philosophy, and so on. Such an inquiry will undoubtedly raise numerous contentions by instructors and the appropriate response will raise numerous contentions by understudies. The majority of our kids, particularly reviews K-5, are not getting the straightforward and clear answer noted above; they are accepting fair showing abilities by educators who are harshly come up short on, over troubled, and regularly not credentialed. Mike Rose's, Lives on the Boundary (1989), communicates comparative perspectives that have all the earmarks of being very mind boggling however are achievable. Rose communicates the gigantic requirement for grasping the reason for training. He portrays a few people who created both the social and subjective capacity to step outside the exacting bounds of custom and seek after their individual dreams. Rose gives expectation and certainty that it isn't the understudies, who are coming up short, it is the instructive framework that is bombing the understudies, and especially the individuals who are badly arranged and need assets. Usually, the capacity to imagine our latent capacity is lost in what ought to be as opposed to what is. Instruction should be viewed as a magnificent encounter. The substance of any educational program ought to stress the procedure as opposed to the item and the delight that can be accomplished by battling together. Battling together is basically an augmentatio n of what we... ...any undertakings dependent on Gardner's hypothesis have been actualized in study halls everywhere throughout the country and are ending up being incredibly beneficial. Schools can possibly be a totally different sort of spot. Instructors need to go past the head and director and converse with one another. Time should be distributed where educators can work helpfully on issues of educational plan and appraisal and encourage the advancement of all types of reasoning. Works Cited Diocesan, J. Thomas. Foes of Promise. In the Presence of Others: Voices That Call for Response. Second Edition. Andrea A. Lundsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. St. Martin's Press. New York, 1997. 26-261. Thomas, Lewis. The Hazards of Science. In the Presence of Others: Voices That Call for Response. Second Edition. Andrea A. Lundsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. St. Martin's Press. New York, 1997. 239.

Milk Brands In Mauritius

Milk Brands In Mauritius Writing audit is a basic and an evaluative outline of the subjects, issues, and contentions of a particular plainly characterized investigate point. The point of this part is to audit the purposes of discoveries about the title how milk brands influence the buying choices of shoppers. 2.1 Brief History on Milk Brands in Mauritius Mauritius imports milk powders from Australia and New Zealand. The milk powders have diverse brand names, for example, Farmland, Twin dairy animals and others all depend the nations, which it originate from. When it arrives at the nation of origin, it is being diverted to at least two enterprises in Mauritius for its bundling. At that point, it is being sold in mass to shops, super and hypermarkets. Organizations, for example, Innodis Ltd, ISO Pack Ltd, Eden vale Distributors Ltd, and other pack the distinctive milk marks and disperse them. Be that as it may, Mauritius imports milk from different nations since its utilization has quickly been expanded. Furthermore, importation of milk is getting fundamental for Mauritius because of increment sought after of marked milk by Mauritian customers. In any case to the cost and amount, nature of the item has consistently been the primary factor for clients in their item choice. Marking assumes a key job in the acknowledgment of the item. The yearly utilization of milk in Mauritius is roughly nine millions liters which is proportional to 12% of the all out utilization of various brand names (Hulman et al., 1990). There is an ascent in the interest for milk in Mauritius. In 2013, the Mauritian clients are moving towards for the most part Farmland because of its quality and notice on T.V and radio. In our island, the brand names for milk have substitutes because of the diverse brand names accessible available. Accordingly, on the off chance that we are not happy with a specific milk brand, we generally have the decision to choose another brand. As indicated by AGA Webmaster FOA (2013), the point is to guarantee milk brand promoted in Mauritius are moderate and the accentuation on Human Resources Development (H.R.D) and arrangement of data sources and administrations to improve creation and milk brand handling to encourage advertising in Mauritius. In the year 1971, the Milk and Meat Project Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) deciphered that, there is an absence of supplement constrained milk creation. Besides, it was not decided if it was vitality or protein in the enhancement that was significant, and the basal eating regimen of stick tops and grasses was not assessed. The FAO has demonstrated that milk yield could be expanded essentially by better taking care of and the executives. 2.2 Elements That Influences Consumers Towards Milk Brand Through publicizing, plan and media discourse milk brands have made its place in the market in Mauritius. This leads marking to give a picture of the item to buyers to settle on a buying choice. According to Pearce (2013), the components that impact buyers are as per the following: NAME LOGO TASTE Text styles Shading SCHEME Bundle Designs SHAPES These focuses above shared a development data about verifiable qualities, thoughts, benefits and just as it built up the character of the buyers while purchasing the item. Customers face buying choices almost consistently. Consequently, they built up an eagerness to buy brand items. Buyers buying choices of brand milk have made certain characteristics and cooperations as of late utilizing a few strategies by methods for both subjective and quantitative (Anon, n.d). 2.3 The Importance Of Branding When Consumers Take Purchasing Decision As indicated by Kotler (1994), Branding is the most ideal approach to set up the position, specialty and validity and authority of individual and business. As it were marking isn't just helpful for business or for rehashed client yet additionally simpler for others to sift through the incalculable conventional things. The dealing intensity of Mauritius is constrained. As of late, in an article distributed on the site businessmega, it was discovered that around 10,000 metric huge amounts of milk powder is imported on a yearly premise contingent upon request and utilization, which is less in amount in contrast with different nations. The Executive chief of La Trobe ltd, Mr. L. Wong and the provider of Snowy milk expressed that nearby wholesalers have the whole impact over the costs (Anon, 2011). The significance of marking is as per the following: Marking conveys data about the business. Offer a wide range of data about the item to the market. It builds up a personality with the end goal for purchasers to perceive the item well indeed. Marking gives purchasers the affirmation that the whole items they purchase are trustful and empower positive reactions from the last mentioned. Marking gives a vital situation in the market and through this, organization inevitably prompts expanded benefits. Marking shows a development subtleties for instance: Cost of the items Bundling Showcasing and promoting techniques Appropriation channels, etc. Marking is the ground-breaking factor in showcasing, which helps buyers in taking buying choice. At the point when the customer is happy with a given marked item, they will in general return to a similar brand provider, (Badgujar (Roll No.04)). 2.4 Brand Awareness To Consumers Donald (2010) characterized brand mindfulness as the clients capacity to review and perceive the brand under various conditions and connection to the brand name, logo, etc to specific relationship in memory. That is brand mindfulness envelops both brand acknowledgment and brand review. It causes the clients to comprehend to which item or administration class the specific brand has a place and what items and administrations are sold under the brand name. It additionally guarantees that clients know which of their needs are fulfilled by the brand through its items. Brand mindfulness is of basic significance since clients won't consider a specific brand on the off chance that they don't know about it (Donald, 2010). Be that as it may, Epstein (1977) contended that human and brand character qualities share a similar conceptualization however they separate as far as how they are made. There are three kinds of brand mindfulness, which are as per the following: Top-of-Mind Awareness happens when the companys brand is the thing that flies into a customers mind when requested to name marks in an item class. For instance, when somebody is solicited to name a sort from facial tissue, the normal answer is Kleenex, which is a top-of-mind brand. Supported Awareness happens when a shopper peruses a rundown of brands, and communicates nature with companys brand simply after they hear or consider it to be a sort of memory assistant. Key Awareness happens when the companys brand isn't just top-of-psyche to buyers, yet in addition has unmistakable characteristics that stick out to customers as improving it than different brands in your market. These three kinds of mindfulness above illuminate buyers about certain goals that a decent brand of milk item will accomplish include: Rouses the purchasers Cements client reliability Conveys the message obviously Associates the buyers target prospects genuinely Affirms the buyers validity In Mauritius, nearly everybody expends marked milk, for example, Anchor, Farmland, Snowy, Red Cow, and others consistently. 2.5 Milk Brand Production And Milk Pricing Marking can bring about higher deals of different sorts and assortments of item connected with a particular marked item. Marking ought to likewise investigate by more than the distinction between the genuine expense of an item and its selling cost and they speak to the total of every single important nature of an item to the buyer. The marking idea here is considering intricacy of human conduct and advantage of purchasers. Our nation import milk from different nations that expansion the utilization and the efficiency of dairy item in Mauritius. Different nations, for example, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, etc are likewise the exporters for Mauritius. Europe produces milk, New Zealand produces Red Cow and Australia produces Snowy milk, Farmland, Dolly and Anchor. Moreover, the value climb of imported milk is compelling individuals to reduce utilization. Different entertainers show the circumstance won't improve and nearby creation is the main way out. 80% of the milk devoured in Mauritius originates from Australia and New Zealand by Olivier Masson, 2 July 2007 Port Louis. As indicated by Lake (n.d), marking is ones personality in the commercial center. She expressed that, it is essential to understand that bundling in every case either affects the purchaser. A negative impression can bypass a potential customer, much the same as a positive response can impact a client to purchase. She additionally said that one should give unique consideration to bundling when another brand is dispatch. This is on the grounds that numerous individuals regularly don't give close consideration to the bundling on the off chance that it is a famous brand. How might you bundle your image with the goal that it is a fundamental piece of your business and speaks to a solid character? Remember that we are not talking that bundling has just a container, which contains an item, however as a medium, that mirrors your companys image and picture. The accompanying regular business instruments speak to bundling: Business cards and writing material Site Noting framework Email address Food bundling is bundling for food. It requires security, altering opposition, and unique physical, compound, or organic needs. Milk assumes a significant job in people groups objective of eating soundly and having a functioning way of life. Milk makers along these lines are riding this pattern by presenting milk marks that are focused on wellbeing cognizant individuals. Extricated from the Inspiration Hive, Daily Inspiration on July 9, 2012. With the announcement, bundling is a method of defining a plausible showcasing technique for milk brand. The items introduction prompts a serious valuing strategy and a very much arranged promoting effort will persuade shoppers to buy the marked milk. 2.5.2 Preservation In Mauritius,

The Hardest Books Weve Ever Read

The Hardest Books Weve Ever Read What book to you humble brag about having read? We all have one, that super-difficult book you slogged through one summer on principle in your pre-DNFing days. As I see it, there are two basic categories of difficult. Some books are difficult to read because of the subject matter. A few years ago, for example, I read Jon Krakauers  Missoula  and let me tell you: that is a hard book to read. The subject matter, sexual assault on college campuses and the failure of both the legal and  educational systems to help  victims, is just brutal. Krakauers crystal clear prose doesnt make it easy on the reader, either. Other books are difficult to physically process as prose. Im absolutely willing to admit that I will stick with a book that has difficult subject matter long after Ive abandoned an experiment in postmodernist fiction. Id like to tell you that the most difficult book I ever read was a Russian classic or Homers  Iliad in Ancient Greek. Sadly, I am not that sophisticated. The hardest book Ive ever read was  House of Leaves by  Mark Z. Danielewski. For as long as I can remember, my anxiety dreams have tended to involve creepy houses (not haunted houses but houses where something is slightly off, or Im lost, or someone is looking for me. Maybe I should talk to someone about this?). Anyway,  I picked up House of Leaves  as a teenager because it used  this fundamentally creepy premise but I had no experience reading post-modern books. So while I adored the story of a family that moves into a house that seems to be bigger on the inside than on the outside, to this day Im not really sure I understand what happened. It took me a long time to get through  and, honestly, Im not even sure I read it correctly. There are parts you have to read in a mirror, color coded passages, and footnotes linking two distinct stories together. On balance, Im glad I read it it is deeply creepy but I  havent really made any effort to read postmodern fiction since. That might be unfair?  At the same time, I do kind of like knowing what the f*ck is happening on the page. I got  curious about what genres  of writing are  a struggle for my fellow readers  so I asked the Book Riot contributors what book they groan about when they remember reading it. Like House of Leaves,  the  books they talked about are difficult to read in the most literal way: complicated sentences, disjointed plots, books that are a million pages long and hard to hold up after a while, etc. Please use the comments to tell us/humble brag about the hardest book youve ever read! The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoyevsky I read The Brothers Karamazov when I was a senior in high school. The class was simply called “The Russians” and the class was comprised of a bunch of guys from the debate teamand me. The school was private, academically rigorous (we claimed the debate team was the most successful “sports” team we’d ever have and we weren’t wrong), and intense. My interests were reading, writing, and smoking pot. I had no idea what the hell The Brothers Karamazov was about. There was a handy list of names in the front of the book but every time I started to follow the plot, we’d break off and debate philosophy or Russian history and I’d be lost all over again. All I remember from the book is a really cool scene with Ivan and the devil (spoiler alert? No idea.). I’m tempted to pick it up and give it another go but then I have prep school debater flashbacks and I decide to curl up with a Babysitter’s Club book instead. There are only like seven characters, max, in each BSC book. Katie MacBride Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste by Pierre Bourdieu The summary and subtitle of this book makes it sound really interesting, and something I want to know more about. It’s about taste and cultural goods, and what your upbringing, education, occupation, and class status can reveal about the kinds of books, movies, art, music, and sports you enjoy. Some of Bourdieu’s more famous theoretical concepts, such as cultural capital and habitus, are discussed in this book. But I could not finish this book. First, it’s huge. Roughly the size of a brick and about just as heavy. Second, and this is the main reason, I find it difficult to read long, complex sentences that go for days. And that is pretty much Bourdieu’s writing style. By the time I reached the end of a sentence, I’d forgotten what the beginning was about. Now that the penny has dropped and I understand his theories, it doesn’t seem so bad, but it took me years to learn to read him. And I was never brave enough to attempt the entire book. Jen Sherman   The Bible Why is The Bible so hard to read? Comparing narration times at Audible.com, The Bible is about as long as The Stand and Anna Karenina combined, books I had no trouble finishing. Long, but not that long. Length doesn’t make The Bible a hard read. Nor does its variety of prose styles. All kinds of people have been reading it for thousands of years. Yet, it feels like climbing Mt. Everest to read from Genesis through Revelations. Hard to read comes from hard to relate. I’ve struggled for years to finish, but to be honest, I keep bogging down in books of boring begats, or other long forgotten histories. I’ve read many of 39 books of the Old Testament, but some of them are downright tedious. The 27 books of the New Testament are easier on average, but it too has deserts of dry words to traverse. In 2016 I finally learned the secret of making the boring books fascinating. Read about each book first, even if it’s just the Wikipedia entry. Once I learn why a book was written, and how it fits into history, archeology and literature, the easier it is to enjoy for what it was meant to be. I especially recommend reading Who Wrote the Bible? by Richard Elliott Friedman before reading the first five books (Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy) and The Bible Unearthed by Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman for the next nine. James Wallace Harris Ulysses by James Joyce I feel like I should just write “Because… Ulysses” and I would be done with this entry. Seriously, why does James Joyce want to hurt my eyeballs? But joke’s on him! I finished it! I can’t tell you a damned thing about that book, but I read every.single.page. And it’s possible that my corneas paid the price. Elizabeth Allen Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand The language in Atlas Shrugged is bare-bones simple, which is effective in some ways, because Rand is most definitely talking down to her audience and wants to make sure they fully digest her pre-chewed ideas without missing a morsel. For me, the book was a natural progression after reading Anthem in high school, one of her essays in college, and her biography on a whim. However, tell people you’re reading Atlas Shrugged and you will discover that the journey tends to transform people into insufferable “nobody deserves the fruits of my labor but me, and poor people deserve every hardship that comes their way” jerks. Or at least, that’s the impression I got the entire time I was reading the book. Don’t get me wrong, Shrugged is a total slog, but it had some okay statements in it about integrity, valuing yourself and your work, and understanding the value of a dollar. However, everyone else seemed to have already met That Guy in college who absorbed only the worst concepts from Rand’s work and lectured anyone who’d listen about them. I was only trying it out of intellectual curiosity (and maybe a little smugness)! I remember reading most of the book on an e-reader, partly because my library’s hardback edition was a pain to lug around, but also because I didn’t like getting eyerolls from people assuming I was reading it to complete my metamorphosis into a “got mine” libertarian. Thomas Maluck Infinite Jest by David Foster Wallace What’s not hard about this book? Seriously, the fact that it’s 1,000+ pages was probably the easiest part of my reading experience. Between the alternate timeline (what year is the year of the whopper, again?) to the more than two hundred characters to fragmented, nonlinear structure nothing about this book cuts the reader any slack. Did I forget to mention the footnotes? Oh the footnotes. Luckily, this book is highly chronicled on the Internet. Once I broke down and read through various resources including, outlines, chronologies, and character lists the reading got a lot more fun. And the book is magical. I can’t explain why, but I loved it. I found myself unwilling to let go as I reached the final pages.  Alison Doherty   Manhattan Transfer by John Dos Passos I think it should be a crime to have students in under grad honors classes read this. Manhattan Transfer captures early twentieth century New York in several hundred pages, hopping from character to character. The jumps between character and the experimental prose make for a confusing narrative. Even with a week spent on the book, I had no idea what was going on by the end of it. Priya Sridhar   The Familiar, Volume 1: One Rainy Day in May by Mark Z. Danielewski Seriously, how do I read this? This beautiful, confounding beast of a novel gave me motion sickness. THE WORDS ARE RAINDROPS. EVERYTHING IS COLOR-CODED. Jan Rosenberg

African Americans Have Been Victims Of Racist And...

African Americans have been victims of racist and discriminatory practices since they were forcibly shipped to America in the 1600s (Chaney Robertson, 2013). Racism is defined as a belief system that justifies the racial and ethnic inequality of minority members. Discrimination is a specific behavior aimed at denying persons of a particular race equal access to societal rewards. These two heinous attitudes and behaviors have been forcibly brought to the attention of the public by the media in scenarios of police brutality and unequal practices toward minority individuals; specifically African American men. Rodney King, Malice Green, Tamir Rice, Michael Brown, Freddie Gray, Eric Garner, and Walter Scott are all African American men that†¦show more content†¦After the verdict LA immediately exploded into violence which took the lives of 60 people and cost the city an estimated one billion dollars in property damage (Sigelman et al., 1997). Most Americans, both black and whit e were surprised about the jury verdict with 92% of blacks and 64% whites indicated on a survey that the officers should have been convicted. Black men are constantly prime targets of white supremacy (Johnson Bryan, 2017). In 2014, Michael Brown was gunned down in the streets of Ferguson, Missouri by a white police officer which quickly sparked protests across the nation (Chernega, 2016). The Governor declared Missouri in a state of emergency in fear of what may happen after the grand jury decided on the fate of Officer Darren Wilson. After over 100 days of trial the jury decided to not convict the officer of murder and there was an immediate response of the public. Activists began using hashtag Black Lives Matter to bring attention to these violent incidents as well as the continual systematic abuse of black members of society by the police. Violence, such as this, against black males are learned though a socially instilled view of race. Society takes cues about how to treat Afric an American men from past and current stereotypes that often misrepresent them (Johnson Bryan, 2017). This vilification of black boys and criminalization of their behavior leads to the unjust killing of black men. It is clear the racismShow MoreRelatedPrivilege And Oppression By Thomas Paine Essay1165 Words   |  5 Pagesand Oppression Have a Long History in America Upon turning on the news in America, the media is not reporting stories of wholeness and community, which one would expect upon reading Thomas Paine s passage. It instead is littered with videos of protests and fights, church shootings, riots, racist graffiti, and other hate crimes. Paine has an idealistic view of America, and while Americans have the capacity to join together (as shown following the 9/11 terrorist attacks) we also have struggled throughoutRead MoreThe Endangered And Endangered Species : Diversity1685 Words   |  7 PagesSpecies — Diversity â€Å"Bienvenido, mengalu-alukan, Selamat datang, よ㠁†ã â€œÃ£  , Chà  o má » «ng, æ ¬ ¢Ã¨ ¿Å½Ã¯ ¼Å'Witaj, ÃŽÅ¡ÃŽ ±ÃŽ »ÃÅ½Ãâ€š ÏÅ'Ï ÃŽ ¹ÃÆ'ÃŽ µÃâ€š, Welcome†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Dictionary.com) Have you ever entered a public place and found your attention getting caught up in a giant, delicately decorated poster board hanging on the wall that kindly greets you with the word â€Å"Welcome† translated into a myriad of other languages? Have you noticed that more and more educational institutions, especially colleges, are starting to advertise and take pride in their campusesRead MoreRacism And The American Criminal Justice System1584 Words   |  7 PagesToday, African Americans and other minorities are over-represented in the criminal justice system, but under-represented politically in the United States of America. Since well before its inception in 1776, the United States of America has been a nation characterized by white supremacy. In fact, modern day America may not exist if not for the taking of land from the Indigenous Peoples on this very premise. Today, many Americans believe they live in a post-racial nation, citing the abolition ofRead MoreMicroaggressio ns and Racism1729 Words   |  7 PagesYou may not know any bigots, you think â€Å"I don’t hate black people, so I’m not racist†, but you benefit from racism. 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Yet each focusses on the binary between white and black Americans, examining the ways by whichRead More Names and Titles in Gloria Naylors novel, Mommy, What Does Nigger Mean1444 Words   |  6 Pagesthreatening by people outside of the group in question. This ignorance of other people leads to judgments and assumptions, which frequently cloud daily issues. The most ignorant people stoop to name-calling, a painful slap of hatred. Stereotypical, racist, religious, and sexist name calling, especially, can affect the victims views and opinions for life. Most vulnerable to these taunts are children, innocent and uncallused, who hear these names and know neither their true meanings nor the depthRead MoreIs M artin Luther King s Wish Come True?1328 Words   |  6 PagesLuther King’s Wish Come True? With the late 1900’s civil rights movement came many famous protesters and speakers, such as Rosa Parks and Malcolm X. Perhaps the most famous civil rights worker was Martin Luther King Jr., who delivered his famous â€Å"I have a dream† speech in 1963. In his speech, Martin Luther King Jr. mentions a personal dream of his in which â€Å"little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers† (King 1). EventuallyRead MoreRacism Is Something We Have All Witnessed1322 Words   |  6 PagesRacism is something we have all witnessed. Many people believe that race is a way to categorize other humans, but it is typically a stereotyped classification of people with no accurate reasons. In other words, the distinction we make between races has nothing to do with genetic characteristics. Race is not a real difference in people, and was created by how people see and understand ideas, culture, and customs of people we are not used to or don t seem the same as us.. 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What is Suicide Essay examples - 1541 Words

Suicide is the 11th leading cause of deaths in the world. It can happen to or be committed by anyone but usually occurs when a person feels depressed or worthless or is facing an exorbitant amount of problems. Fatal suicidal attempts are usually overestimated, because in most cases suicide attempts do not result in death or serious injury. In most cases suicide attempts result in failure or minor injury. Which means that failed or not resulting in death suicide attempts are recorded in the deaths by suicide statistics. Suicides are still very common, they occur about once every 40 seconds in the world. When dealing with suicide you must know its statistics, its causes, and its prevention. What is suicide? When does it happen? How many†¦show more content†¦One well known person is Cleopatra who supposedly died after being bitten by an Asp ( A type of snake ) she was a very common person when she died so because her main reason was because she had lost egypt and felt like there was no way to reconquer egypt although with time and patience they could have achieved that â€Å"goal.† she found it easier to die and leave the problem than to deal with it. This is one of the not so good endings to a person although many people died after her by suicide with different reasons and time periods of course. suicide has become â€Å"popular† that now deaths average about 85 americans per day.( Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia ) Suicide can be caused by depression, one thing you should know is that it’s False: That people who talk about suicide won’t really do it.( Helpguide.org ) Most of the time people who commit suicide threatened about them dying with phrases like you won’t be laughing when i’m dead, or you’ll be sorry when i’m dead. They might say it jokingly with a real suicide thought but make it seem like nothing. Its False: That talking about suicide may give someone the idea.( Helpguide.org ) you can’t just give someone the idea/ an idea of suicide they have to have already haveShow MoreRelatedSuicide : What Drives A Person?1049 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic that I decided to discuss for my final paper is suicide. 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Some of the greatest dangers of facing chronic and terminally ill patients are a grey area regarding PAS. There is a strict process to practice PAS. Despite the stringencies, the Council of Ethical and Judicial Affairs (1992) found that 28% of PAS cases in the Netherlands did not meet the specific criteria. The evidenceRead MoreWhat Makes Individuals Attempt Or Complete Suicide?1524 Words   |  7 PagesSome of these questions we ask are what makes individuals attempt or complete suicide† Are there ways to prevent these suicidal behaviors? Is this morally permissible and acceptable behavior? Is suicide a family trait or is this something that it does not pass on to other members? This article will examine the main currents of historical and contemporary philosophical thought surrounding these questions. In America today we have this horrible issue of suicide. Suicide is defined as the act of one killingRead More Suicide Bombers: What makes them tick? Essay1681 Words   |  7 Pagesnot feel bad about it? Thousands of people die each year due to suicide bombing, but not too many people know why they do it. Also, no one really wonders about the past and how suicide bombing started. Someone did not just wake up, and decide to strap bombs to themselves, then detonate them inside a building full of people. This essay will discuss the history of suicide bombing, the training of a bomber, the personality of a suicide bomber, the different motivations behind his or her action, andRead MoreWhat Football Taught Me And Suicide s Forgotten Victims1196 Words   |  5 PagesNo matter the circumstance, people will always be able to learn something to improve their lifestyle. It might be dire and serious, or light-hearted and fun. Whatever the case, the experience people gain from that situatio n is what aids to develop their persona. In â€Å"What Football Taught Me† by Donald Murray and â€Å"Suicide’s Forgotten Victims† by Lisa Keiski, both writers learn life lessons from their experiences. Despite emotional and physical exhaustion, Murray and Keiski learned life lessons throughRead MoreEmile Durkheim On Suicide Summary1081 Words   |  5 PagesEmile Durkheim states in his book, â€Å"On Suicide: A Study in Sociology,† â€Å"Social man†¦is the masterpiece of existence.† This statement stands out to me because the types of suicide Emile talks about is how man and the social world interact. Emile contributed many things for sociology and one of those things would be, â€Å"developing a new methodology, which focusses on what he calls â€Å"social facts†, or elements of collective life that exist independently of and are able to exert an influence on the individual†Read MoreEssay on Suicide as Escape from Reality131 5 Words   |  6 PagesSuicide has been an ongoing problem among all types of people globally for decades. Throughout the years, the trends of suicide have continued to increase. Although this trend of suicide has many causes and can be difficult to know what the exact source is, the number one cause of suicides is untreated depression which may result from a mental health problem, personal life issues, or even genetic and family history. According to Befrienders, suicide rates have increased 60% over the past 45 yearsRead MoreBreaking News : Teen Commits Suicide1222 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"BREAKING NEWS: TEEN COMMITS SUICIDE† is not an unusual headline to read. Time and time again teens are making the choice to end their lives much like Richard Kirchoff’s son, Ryan Kirchoff, who took his life at the young age of 18. Kirchoff’s son was a normal kid who had many friends, a loving family, and dreamt that he would become a successful doctor, but all was taken away after he made the decision to take his life. Ryan had depression and refused to seek help from the people he trusted resulting

Indiabulls Research Project Free Essays

No professional curriculum is considered complete without work experience. It is well evident that work experience is an indispensable part of every professional course. In the same manner practical work in any organization is must for each an every individual, who is undergoing management course. We will write a custom essay sample on Indiabulls Research Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now Without the practical exposure one cannot consider himself as a qualified capable manager. Entering in the organization is like stepping into altogether a new world. At first, everything seems strange and unheard but as the time passes one can understands the concept and working of the organization and thereby develop professional relationship. Initially it is felt that as if classroom study was irrelevant and it is useless in any concern working. But gradually it is realize that all fundamental basic concepts studied are linked in one or other ways to the organization. But how and what can be done with fundamentals depends upon the intellectual and applicability of an individual. Executive summary Investing in equities in a market like India is speculative and involves risk that may be greater than other types of investment strategies. Before investing an Investor should be careful enough about him investment decision to avoid erosion of wealth. As seen in the recent times the volatility of market is more detrimental to the retail iinvestors as it seems to be lucrative for speculative gains of short duration of time. Hence an investor has to evaluate his options carefully for a prudent investment, keeping long-term horizon in mind. The report has tried to bring out the parameters those are of paramount importance to general public dealing in an equity trading on day-to day and delivery base trading. The working methodology has been discussed i. e. the data collection methods, sampling methods and the survey questionnaire methods. The questionnaire prepared is designed so as to cover a wide range of customer â€Å"touch points† The report given a view about the iinvestors perception that what thy think while making investments in shares. The questionnaire has been designed for the target group to get the best amount of data possible keeping in view the importance and authenticity of the information and convenience of the respondent. The selection of investor was predetermined in nature Personal contacts were established to conduct a face-to-face interview. Interview was conducted under strict supervision to maintain the standards of the data collected. Research Design Research design is a spacification of methods and procedures for acquiring the information we need to solve the problems. Research design was adopted for the purpose of collection and analysis of data in a manner aimed at getting relevant information. It was conceptual structure within which research was conducted, collected, measured and analyzed. Research Idea To know the market scene of trading and Investment in equities through Indiabulls securities Ltd. Research Question What is the market trend regarding investment? What difficulties and challenges iinvestors are facing while making investments? Research Statement ? â€Å"To get an insight into the mind of iinvestors regarding trading and investment in Equities† â€Å"To get an insight into the mindset of iinvestors regarding the importance assigned to different attributes such as risk, return, liquidity etc. of various investment channels such as equities. In the report this tries to understand the investor’s behavior while trading. † ? â€Å"To study the preferences and perceptions of iinvestors regarding various financial products from the stable of Indiabulls Securities Ltd. so that the firm can benefit from the findings of the report in launching any new investment product in future. How to cite Indiabulls Research Project, Essays

Phonological awareness free essay sample

Phonological awareness is the ability hears and manipulates the sound structure of language. This is an encompassing term that involves working with sounds of languages at the word, syllable, and phoneme level. Phonemic awareness is the ability to hear and manipulate the sound in spoken words, and the understanding that the spoken word and syllables are made up of sequences of speech sounds ( Yopp, 1992) Phonological Awareness is the understanding that spoken language conveys thoughts in words that are composed in sounds (phonemes) specific to that language. It is the understanding that: Words are composed of different sounds (phonemes) Phonemes can blended together to make words, words can be separated into phonemes and phonemes can be manipulated to billed new words. Phonemic Awareness_____________________________________________________ This is the students awareness of the smallest units of sound in a word. It also refers to a students ability to segment, blend, and manipulate these units. We will write a custom essay sample on Phonological awareness or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A student with phonemic awareness hears three sounds in the word bat: /b/, /a/, and /t/. Phonemic awareness is the key indicator of a child’s success in learning to read and central to later spelling achievement. (Stanovich, 1986,1994; Ehri, 1984) Children who have phonemic awareness skills are likely to have an easier time learning to read and spell than children who have few or none of these skills. (Armbruster and Osborne, 2002) Children who cannot hear or manipulate the sounds that make up words will have severe difficulty connecting sounds to individual letter symbols and combinations of letters. (Adams, 1990) R Language Experience Approach (LEA)_____________________________ The language experience approach is an approach to reading instruction based on activities and stories developed from personal experiences of the learner. The stories about personal experiences are written down by a teacher and read together until the learner associates the written form of the word with the spoken. Benefits Here are some benefits of the language experience approach: It brings together writing, reading, art, and language. It extends the learners creativity in storytelling through writing. It helps learners understand that what they think and say can be written. It is learner-centered and demonstrates that the learners thoughts and language are valued. It provides reading material that is predictable and readable because it uses the learners natural language. Strengths of the LEA Phonemic awareness is the key indicator of a child’s success in learning to read and central to later spelling achievement. (Stanovich, 1986,1994; Ehri, 1984) Children who have phonemic awareness skills are likely to have an easier time learning to read and spell than children who have few or none of these skills. (Armbruster and Osborne, 2002) Children who cannot hear or manipulate the sounds that make up words will have severe difficulty connecting sounds to individual letter symbols and combinations of letters. (Adams, 1990) Weaknesses of the LEA Time demands on teacher. Teacher must organize instruction, take dictation, plan individual programs, monitor No daily lesson plans provided No preplanned scope sequence of skills No control of initial vocabulary presented Limited number of commercial programs available to assist teacher Basal Approach______________________________________________ Basal/skills-based approaches break down the acts of reading and writing into a series of discrete skills. These skills are then sequenced and grouped into levels. Herein, children can take objective tests that place them into levels. The teacher can provide instruction on the skills specified for that level. The children can practice the skills that pertain to their level until they demonstrate sufficient proficiency to continue with the skills on the next level. While other approaches address the same reading and writing skills what is unique about basal/skills approaches is that these skills are addressed because a child, based on objective tests, fits into a certain skill levelwhich focuses on a list of specified skills. Basal/skills approaches are also unique because they rely on behavioral theories of learning. Specifically, basal/skills approaches focus on drill and practice exercises with each skill. In order to provide sufficient practice with each skill, these exercises commonly isolate the skills from the context of reading or writing authentic text. After ample practice and the development of proficiency, children use these skills in the context of authentic reading and writing. Strengths The highly pre-planned nature of basal readers is seen as one of their strengths, as this eases the load on teachers, particularly those who are inexperienced. Specific skills can be easily targeted, tested, and remediated. Those with very controlled vocabulary usage may ease difficulties for beginner or weak readers. Students who are reading below grade level will receive some benefits from using the on-level basal. The exposure will prepare them for state testing. Using a basal reader as a starting point for grade level reading allows educators to quickly assess student reading level. Basals are not meant to be the only resource a student uses, just the starting point. Weaknesses Some of the ostensible benefits of basal readers are viewed as shortcomings by critics of these books. Critics charge that they focus on teaching isolated skills, rather than fostering an enjoyment and appreciation of reading for its own sake, and that more time is spent on the supplemental worksheets than on actually reading authentic texts. The quality of the literature in the reading books is another target of criticism. Works chosen mainly to allow skills practice may not be particularly meaningful, authentic, or interesting. Critics of the basal reader industry, such as Rafe Esquith in his book, Teach like Your Hair is on Fire, blame the readers for the failure of schools to teach reading. Esquith questions the ability of the basal readers to stimulate students interest in reading. Other critics question the use of materials which lack any scientific evidence of effectiveness and point to the widespread failure of schools to teach reading as proof that basal readers are a waste of time. Onset and Rimes____________________________________________________ Onset and Rime are technical terms used to describe phonological units of a spoken syllable. A syllable can normally be divided into two parts: the onset, which consists of the initial consonant or consonant blend, and the rime which consists of the vowel and any final consonants. So in the word strap, str is the onset and ap is the rime. Words which share the same rime will also rhyme, but the spelling will be constant and not vary as it does with rhyme. In the word black /bl/ is the onset and /ack/ is the rime. Shared Reading_________________________________________________________ Shared Reading is a type of focus lesson in which either enlarged print is utilized, or all students have the text to â€Å"share† the reading process with a group of students. The teacher uses this time, explicitly modeling reading strategies and skills that the students need to learn. The responsibility for reading is â€Å"shared† between the teacher and the students, although the teacher reads most of the text. Interactive Read Aloud Interactive Read Aloud is a time when the teacher reads a piece of quality writing aloud to the whole class and stops at planned points to ask questions that elicit student response. Students learn to think deeply about text, to listen to others, and to grow their own ideas. Concepts Of Print_______________________________________________ So what are concepts of print? Basically, Concepts about print is what we know about print or more specifically written language: It is important for children to understanding that the print (not the picture) tells the story. The Concepts of Print task is a way for teachers to discover what children already know about the way we print language and what has yet to be learned. This task is an observation task that really taps into what the learners have noticed about the written language around them in their environment. It is important to note that this assessment was not designed to reveal how much a child knows about print? it is more a matter of discovering what Experiences they have had with print, what they have noticed and what they have ignored. It is easy to determine what a child knows about print when using the Concepts about Print observation task, and teachers will be better prepared to advance any child’s understanding when they know what the child is already attending to, rightly or wrongly Children should know As preschool children engage with printed materials they learn things, such as looking through a book in an orderly of fashion. However, there is so much more to learn about written language. When does one start to notice print? In what direction does one move? How does one move through a word? It is easy for adults to underestimate the complexity of the rules surrounding written print and it is equally easy for children to pick up strange ways of exploring print. For print to work, children must accept our writing conventions such as, writing top to bottom and left to right, the correct formation of letters, that clusters are called words, that there are first letters and last letters in a word, that you can choose uppercase and lowercase letters, that spaces are there for a reason, and that different punctuation marks signal different meanings. It is important to remember that learning the conventions of writing will occur over an extended period of time.

Coca Cola’s Marketing Essays

Coca Cola’s Marketing Essays Coca Cola’s Marketing Essay Coca Cola’s Marketing Essay Coca Cola’s Marketing Name: Institution: Coca Cola’s Marketing Executive Summary Because of the competitive nature of the current business world, marketing is an essential function in all corporations. Marketing determines the success of a company within the market since it is the only way of communicating to the consumers. It enables companies to safeguard their market share as well as expand it. Coca Cola is considered among the top entities globally and sells in almost all countries. To maintain its current market share as well as expand it, Coca Cola has to engage in constant marketing. Coca Cola wishes to expand its market while maintaining quality in its products. This requires the company to engage in portfolio expansion to capture increased markets. Some of the key areas Coca Cola is entering are hot beverage market for cold seasons when chilled drinks are not ideal. This ensures its earnings are constant, if not higher, throughout the year. Coca Cola uses its brand name that means ‘delicious happiness’, and quality products to maintain its position as the leading beverage and soft drink producer. It is recognized by its distinctive red color. Marketing seeks to leave a lasting image or impression. Although it faces many competitors, its main competitor is Pepsi. Coca Cola undertakes massive promotion through different channels that include television, internet, billboards, radio, road shows, sponsoring sports events and re-branding. Among these, television takes up the biggest cost. Throughout the year, it engages in different kinds of promotions depending on the season. During winter, it promotes beverages while it promotes soft drinks more during the summer. Expansion to Myanmar would be ideal considering American countries have not been in this market (Rosenberg, 2012). The rationale for expanding to Myanmar market is to remain as the leading and most recognized brand worldwide. Coca Cola is known in almost all countries except where there are sanctions. In Myanmar, such a sanction existed until recently when the country became politically stable. Therefore, expanding to Myanmar would enhance Coca Cola as the leading brand. Venturing into this market would give the company an early lead to other foreign competitors. Myanmar is mostly hot and wet just like most of the Asian countries. This makes it ideal for soft drinks. However, this will require proper planning. One key difference in the customer profile of Myanmar is that customers are supply driven, meaning they are ready to buy new goods that were not available when it had been closed. On the other hand, its key similarity to other markets is that customers are interested in innovations more than they are interested in price. One media platform that I would recommend for this market is newspaper advertisements since there are three government papers supplied free. To start production in Myanmar, Coca Cola will have to put up a bottling plant since there are extremely few companies that can offer bottling services in this country. Moving Coca Cola to Myanmar Moving Coca Cola to Myanmar requires proper planning and the right strategy depending on the market (Rosenberg, 2012). The first step requires identifying the channel of distribution and production or bottling. In most of the countries, Coca Cola uses local production in order to minimize the cost of exporting (coca-colafemsa.com, 2013). Coca Cola can put up its own bottling plant in Myanmar in order to start production. This will ensure supply of the product within the country all the time. Additionally, the entity has to identify the best product for the country. This will depend on the weather. Considering that Myanmar is mostly warm and sometimes extremely hot, especially between March and May when temperatures reach 400C, soft drinks are ideal (lonelyplanet.com, 2013). This should be followed by defining the best channel of promotion and advertising. Considering that competitors exist, it would be wise to use a mix of promotion. This can include road shows, television advertisements, internet, newspapers and billboards. However, considering a majority of people cannot access internet; it would not be a useful tool of marketing. On the other hand, three newspapers in the country are supplied free. Therefore, this presents the most favorable promotion media in Myanmar. Additionally, road shows would be extremely helpful in creating more awareness within the remote areas, as well as television and radio advertisements (Thu 2012). Promotion should be followed by a strategy for distribution to the end consumers. The best way to distribute the product would be through road, which can reach the most remote areas (lonelyplanet.com, 2013). This would also be fast than some of the other means used in the country such as train and ferries. Coca Cola should pl ace its products in retail shops and open several depots in different areas where retailers can have easy access. References Coca-colafemsa.com. (2013). Company  » Strategy and Competitive Advantages. Retrieved from coca-colafemsa.com/femsa/web/conteudo_en.asp?idioma=1conta=44tipo=27617 Lonelyplanet.com. Getting around. Retrieved from lonelyplanet.com/myanmar-burma/transport/getting-around Rosenberg, M. (2012). Coca-Cola in Every Country but Three? No! Retrieve from http://geography.about.com/b/2012/06/15/coca-cola-in-every-country-but-three-no.htm Thu, K. (20120. Myanmar. Retrieved from https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/documents/Media_Landscapes/Myanmar.pdf

Amazing American Beaver Facts

Amazing American Beaver Facts The American beaver (Castor canadensis) is one of two living species of beavers- the other species of beaver is the Eurasian beaver. The American beaver is the worlds second largest rodent, only the capybara of South America is larger. Fast Facts: Beavers Scientific Name: Castor canadensisCommon Name(s): Beaver, North American Beaver, American BeaverBasic Animal Group:  MammalSize: About 29–35 inches longWeight: 24–57 poundsLifespan: Up to 24 yearsDiet:  HerbivoreHabitat:  Wetland areas of North America outside of the California and Nevada deserts and parts of Utah and Arizona.Population:  6–12 millionConservation  Status:  Least Concern Description American beavers are stocky animals that have a compact body and short legs. They are aquatic rodents and have a number of adaptations that make them adept swimmers including webbed feet and a broad, flat tail that is covered with scales. They also have an extra set of eyelids which are transparent and close over their eyes enabling beavers to see while underwater. Beavers have a pair of glands located at the base of their tail called castor glands. These glands secrete an oil that has a distinct musk odor, making it great for use in marking territory. Beavers also use the castor oil to protect and waterproof their fur. Beavers have very large teeth in proportion to their skull. Their teeth and are super-sturdy thanks to a coating of tough enamel. This enamel is orange to chestnut brown in color. Beavers teeth grow continuously throughout their lives. As beavers chew through tree trunks and bark, their teeth get worn down, so the continuous growth of their teeth ensures they always have a sharp set of teeth available to them. To further assist them in their chewing endeavors, beavers have strong jaw muscles and significant biting strength. Stan Tekiela Author / Naturalist / Wildlife Photographer/Getty Images Habitat and Distribution American Beavers live in the riparian zone- along the edges of wetlands and bodies of fresh water including rivers, creeks, lakes, and ponds and, in some cases, in and around brackish estuaries. American beavers inhabit a range that extends throughout most of North America. The species is only absent from the northernmost regions of Canada and Alaska as well as the deserts of the southwestern United States and Mexico. Diet Beavers are herbivores. They feed on bark, leaves, twigs and other plant material which is plentiful in their native habitat. Behavior Beavers are well-known for their unusual behaviors: They use their strong teeth to fell small trees and branches which they use to build dams and lodges which have a significant impact on the path and health of waterways. Beaver dams are structures built with logs, branches, and mud. They are used to block up flowing streams to flood grasslands and forests, thus turning them into beaver-friendly habitats. In addition to providing habitat for a wide range of animals, beaver dams also reduce waterway erosion. Beavers build lodges, dome-shaped shelters made of woven sticks, branches, and grass that are plastered together with mud. Lodges can be burrows built into pond banks or mounds built in the middle of a pond. They can be up to 6.5 feet tall and 40 feet wide. These elaborate structures include an insulated, wood-lined lodge chamber and a ventilating shaft called a chimney. The entrance to a beaver lodge is located below the surface of the water. Lodges are generally built during the warmer months, during which time beavers also gather food for the winter. While they do not migrate or hibernate, they do slow down during the winter months. Reproduction and Offspring Beavers live in family units called colonies. A beaver colony commonly includes as many as eight individuals including a monogamous breeding pair, newborn kits, and yearlings (kits from the prior season). Members of the colony establish and defend a home territory. Beavers reproduce sexually. They reach sexual maturity at about three years of age. Beavers breed in January or February and their gestation period is 107 days. Typically, three or four beaver kits are born in the same litter. Young beavers are weaned at about two months of age. Zoran Kolundzija/Getty Images Conservation Status Beavers are considered to be of Least Concern, meaning that there is a large, thriving population of beavers in North America. This has not always been the case; in fact, beavers were overhunted for many years and beaver fur was the basis of many large fortunes. More recently, however, protections were put in place which allowed beavers to re-establish their population. Beavers and Humans Beavers are a protected species, but their behaviors can make them a nuisance in some settings. Beaver dams can cause flooding to roads and fields, or block the flow of waterways and the fish that swim in them. On the other hand, beaver dams are also important for controlling erosion and runoff during storms. Sources â€Å"Beaver.†Ã‚  Smithsonians National Zoo, 23 Nov. 2018, nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/beaver.Sartore, Joel. â€Å"Beaver.†Ã‚  National Geographic, 21 Sept. 2018, www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/mammals/b/beaver/.

Information Tectnology Audit Requirements Comparative Analysis of the Term Paper

Information Tectnology Audit Requirements Comparative Analysis of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) and the Sarbanes- Oxley Act (SOX) - Term Paper Example n response to the increased cases of bribery and other economic scandals of a national proportion, the Congress passed into law two critical Acts, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 (FCPA) and Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX). The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 1977 was enacted to enforce precise companies’ record keeping systems, increase accuracy in financial recording, and to reduce bribery and corruption loopholes in the business system. The Sarbanes Oxley Act, 2002 was passed twenty years after the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act with the core objective of reducing bribery and corruption in the America cooperate sector1. Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 was projected to ensure that all chief finance officers and public companies’ chief executive officers provide an accurate financial report while Foreign Corrupt Practice Act, 1977 was designed to ensure that, all business financial information was recorded in accordance to the existing financial provisions. In the first twenty years after the enactment of the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act 1977, the American Security and Exchange Commission and the America Department of Justice did very little investigations to necessitate a helpful enforcement of the Act, reducing its impacts in countering corporate bribery and other business malpractices. However, after the WorldCom scandal and Enron scandal in 2002, the United States of American government was forced by the prevailing state of affairs to enact Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 to offset the ever-increasing cases of cooperate malpractices as well as to advance global awareness on the harmful impacts of business bribery and other malpractices. The enactment of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 was at that time intended to make bribery penalties extremely severe and to increase public awareness on the need for an accurate financial accounting and record keeping in business operations. Taking into account the level and nature of the outcomes of bribery in global economy, especially

Western Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Western Civilization - Essay Example These are examples of things that have been brought about the western civilization; they have improved efficiency in business operations like faster communication, management and general quality improvements (Wright W. 1913). However, other practices from western civilization have been discouraged in many societies, for instance, some kinds of fashion; music and entertainment have been described as insane, increasing immorality and eroding the conservative nature of most other world civilizations. Following worldwide concern over the influence of western civilization, the violations experienced from this civilization can be said to be changing forms in the wake of modern developments in technology (Wright W. 1913). For this reason, the internet invention has risen to become the chief influence of people’s behaviors and actions. Western civilizations Influence of human violence has been seen to be changing forms, this has been necessitated by new lifestyle patterns and technological advancements. Before, human violence based mostly on nations superiority, ground and military might, however, in modern times, the dimension has shifted to include economic patterns. In this case, the violence that was experienced earlier can be seen to have changed its form

Effective Performance Appraisal System

Effective Performance Appraisal System This paper aims to critically assess an effective appraisal system in relation to employee and employer. One of the major key importances of this study is the satisfaction and acceptance of organisational appraisal system by both employee and the employers, while emphasizing the need of an effective performance appraisal system to function well in terms of satisfying all stakeholders needs including the employees. Some employees and employers view performance appraisal negatively, suggesting that its only a waste of time, resources and energy. A literature review capturing various understanding of knowledgeable aspects of these study shall be undertaken and various views shall be put into consideration. This study intends to shed light on the performance management and its relation with performance appraisal; guiding us through the reasons for some major rifts in performance appraisal systems continuously affecting employees and employers, while also highlighting some accepted purpos e of performance appraisal and its system. This study would give a theoretical background of what organisations should consider in creating an effective performance appraisal system; including understanding the appraisal purpose, description and specification for the appraiser i.e. appropriate and adequate training should disbursed to employee and the employer, and the design and implementation of an effective performance appraisal take employee involvement to consideration. This study draws its conclusion from Hunt N. (2007), who argues that an effective performance appraisal should take the satisfaction of its employees and employers (organization) as a great concern; as a satisfied employee works more efficiently and a profitable company also makes employers or organizational managers happier. Performance Management A suitable analysis of performance appraisal without stating its origin in performance management would not give a true and fair view of performance appraisal in theory. Performance management and performance appraisal are two related aspects that should not be seen identically. In simple terms, we can describe performance management to be a strategic part of human resource management; which is an all-inclusive process that aims to bring together various aspects including performance appraisal. Performance management is viewed as a wider strategic aspects that focus on organizational, team or individual focus rather than performance appraisal which operationally focused on individuals performance and development. Noticeably, an important aspect of performance appraisal is enhancing performance, which is a key element of organizational life and performance management (CIPD 2005, a Performance management and performance appraisal). Research has identified a gap amongst the managers and employees by research between their perception about performance management theory and its actual practice (Bratton J. and Gold J. 1999). Nevertheless, the general acknowledgment that performance management is a tool used to promote employee understanding of its contribution to organisations strategic goals; while also ensuring that the right talent and skills are centered on the things of importance. Even though in practice, it has been regarded as just a documentation phase that is used to fulfill basic organizational and statutory requirements (CIPD Performance mgt in action). Performance appraisal is a large and vital process of performance management. INTRODUCTION/the Concept of Performance Appraisal For decades, performance appraisal has been a significant issue and topic of importance. It has been given considerable attention in various literatures, from both researchers and practitioners alike (Roslyn 1996). Past and recent scholars have regarded performance appraisals are often regarded as a strategic and integral part of the organization (Goff 1992 and U.S Dept of Interior 2004). In acceptance of these suggestions, it can be inferred that the management of human capital is an important aspect of organization that has an intense effect in all the activities of the organization. Pettijohn L. (2001) cites performance appraisal from Longenecker (1997), describing performance appraisal as two simple terms that provoke and propel strong responses, sentiments, opinions and judgment in the organizational context of formal appraisal procedure when mutually used together. He further argue that most organizations of the world according to irrespective of its size, type and product distinction employ the use of performance appraisal; but with different level of accomplishment as an instrument used to drive a mixture of human resource management purpose. However, further literatures suggests performance appraisal existed based on several rationales such as a basis for making provision for selection decisions, a yardstick for salary increment, a medium for providing feed-back among managers and employees and facilitation of employee development. Recently, research are been focused toward establishing systems for improving the psychometric properties of performance ratin gs (Mount 1984, Fombrun and Laud 1983). Nevertheless, Tom Redman (2006) attributes development changes in recent performance appraisal to large scale organisations rather than advances in theory. Numerous definitions as been given to performance appraisal by numerous scholars, researchers and practitioners. According to Flippo (1984), performance appraisal is the systematic, periodic and an impartial rating of an employees excellence in the matters pertaining to his present job and his potential for a better job. Flippo described performance appraisal as a systematic way of evaluating and appraising the performance of an employee/subordinate within a specified period of time, while also planning his future career. However, a short and concise definition of performance appraisal by CIPD (2010) was referred as an operational short to medium term tool used to assess individual performance and development. In summary, Performance appraisal is a dominant tool to evaluate, assess and compensate the performance of employee/subordinate. It should help create goal congruence between the organization and it employees. Past and recent scholars have argued that the lack of a generally acceptable purpose served by performance appraisal system process has raised questions for the degree to which its various function conflicts with the employee and employer (Beer, 1981). This may suggest that a key generally acceptable purpose of an effective performance appraisal process is still a major rift in research. Purpose Hunt N. (2007) in his book Conducting Staff Appraisal cited past scholars in his literature arguing that organizations purpose they claim is not appraisal inclined but rather to make money and generate profit or in the case of public corporations, provide social amenities i.e. good service. He argued that the view that appraisal does not have a direct connection with production is a fallacious statement and suggested that the purpose of a well structure appraisal system should be promoting satisfaction for both employee and employers (organization), as employees become satisfied knowing that employers or its organization are after its needs and not just the profit objective. However, research by some major proponents suggests that performance appraisals in practice surface to be aimed at four purposes, which are: making distinctions among employees, differentiation of a persons strength from its weakness, execute and assess organizations human resource systems, and the documentation of personnel assessment (Cleveland, Mohammed, Skattebo, Sin, 2003; Cleveland, Murphy, Williams, 1989). Nevertheless, further aims and purpose of performance appraisals may in due course arise and enhance performance at the employee and, subsequently, the employer or organizational level (see DeNisi Gonzalez, 2000; Meyer, Kay, French, 1965). Traditional Performance appraisal Past approach to performance appraisal referred to as traditional, viewed performance appraisal as a method for justification employee salaries, rewarding and punishing employee for organizational performance. Traditional approach seems to be a judgmental process rather than a developmental process that focus only on historical performance of employees as a basis of their appraisal (http://appraisals.naukrihub.com/performance-appraisal-approaches.html). Performance appraisal methods rate employees using the quantitative tools and employ numerical or scalar ratings orientation. The combination of these methods with logical decision will provide sufficient procedure of performance; nevertheless as the complexity of employment increase, the orientation to figures makes it more challenging because the reduction of individual contributions complexity and competency to a figure results from a mix of inadequate reasons (Murphy T. and Margulies J. 2004). Modern Performance appraisal A more collaborative technique approach to an effective performance appraisal is the modern performance appraisal, which has developed the appraisal system of organizations over the years to a more formal and structured system. This appraisal approach is viewed as a tool for identifying performing employee; identifying training needs of employees; developing employee career paths; promoting rewards, bonus and promotion amongst other development aims. (http://appraisals.naukrihub.com/performance-appraisal-approaches.html). Modern appraisal approach includes; management-by-objectives (MBO), work planning and review, 360Â ° appraisals, peer review, etc. (Murphy T. and Margulies J. 2004). Here, the promotion of employee and employer relationship in the organization is strengthened; while communication is also improved through its feedback process. This approach is developmental in nature and future oriented, identifying employees as individuals. Theoretically, the formal appraisal process merits are numerous and striking to any organization allowing for their use. However in practice, various shortcomings associated with the formal performance appraisal systems design and implementation are well known and continue to raise issues with both practitioners and academics (Goff 1992 and Bernardin Klatt 1985). According to Nick (1996), the formal role of performance appraisal process has been given common concentration in the recent years and a make believe that an organizations effective design and well structured implementation appraisal system will provide the employee, the supervisor and the employee/organization with multiple of positive benefits. Objectives of Performance appraisal Major objectives of an effective performance appraisal can be perceived from two approaches: the traditional and the system approach. The traditional approach was concerned with attributing guiding values to individuals; the primary goal of this approach was aimed at providing control and documenting employee historical performance. The appraisal was performed occasionally and the leadership practices were estimated and directional in nature. This approach emphasized an individual orientation reward practice with high degree of formality process. On the other hand, the system approach is primarily aimed at developing and creating a problem solving environment for employees; and promotes a leadership style that is facilitative and tutoring in nature. The objective of this system has its guiding value attributed to the performance appraisal system, and employs a more frequent (periodic and continuous activity) appraisal system for employees. This system has a low degree of formality an d practice a group or team orientation reward practice. The result of this system approach promotes HR decisions such as reward, promotions, training and development, transfers and demotions. However, the system approach might have emerged from the lapse or the gaps posed by the traditional approach. Bratton and Gold (1999) however, concluded that the tension between the judgemental (Traditional) and developmental (Modern system) process of appraisal systems has never been resolved and is likely to continue in its nearest future. Drawing from a past literature for performance appraisals, it was suggested that an effective appraisal system should enhance employee motivation and efficiency; ensure concrete basis for wage and salary management; help discuss employee concerns for growth and development; provide adequate information for management decisions; and provision of useful communication tool to carry out employee goal setting and performance planning for managers (Morhman, Resnick-west and Lawler 1989). Appraisal System Landahl (2010) suggests that an effective performance appraisal is a significant vehicle for improving performance and productivity by organizations to improve the performance of its employees and organizations well designed and implemented appraisal system, which helps to improve company operations. In support of these, Journal of Applied Psychology argues that a, poorly designed or implemented performance appraisals may lead to employee frustration, resentment and withdrawal. Different performance appraisal instrument is been employed by a number organizations with conflicting mixture of goals and objective, and this have frequently resulted in stemming up confusion has to what the accurate meaning of performance appraisal systems. Notwithstanding, Wiese and Buckley (1998) highlighted that the core of performance appraisal process enables an organization to appraise and assess an individual employees activities and performance over a scheduled point in time. In addition, Coutts and Schneider (2004) described performance appraisal as a fundamental factor of a more refined position of human resource practices; viewing it has machinery for assessing the level of employees performance on a daily basis in line with the organizational set goals and objectives. Review of Literature Hunt N. (2007) argues that most employers or large organisations do have performance appraisal policies in existence but the practical implementation of these policies are inefficient and ineffective in reality and this has lead most employees not to take the performance appraisal as a serious tool but a managerial procedure. One of the most common fear or worries of performance appraisal by employees is the raters subjectivity. The human bias nature and favouritism is a loom affecting employee acceptance of performance appraisal system and its outcome. Many scholars have also ascribed the shortcoming of performance appraisal system to the unwarranted focus on alleviating signs of reduced performance rather than emphasizing the cause of the problem in itself. A major problem of performance appraisal system is the criteria for its implementation. A bad designed system would not generate a good performance appraisal objective, most recent appraisal focus more on the formal application rather than the substance satisfying objective. Perspectives Effective performance appraisal has so far been considered in different perspectives. The exploration of significant areas such as results of effectiveness of performance appraisal and recognition of negative factors that can affect the effectiveness of performance appraisal in both the perspective of employee and employer. The highlighted gap in the perspective of performance appraisal is what this paper is set to discuss. For one thing, WPR interviews are strictly man-to-man in character, rather than having a father-and-son flavor, as did so many of the traditional performance appraisals. This seems to be due to the fact that it is much more natural under the WPR program for the subordinate to take the initiative when his performance on past goals is being reviewed. Thus, in listening to the subordinates review of performance, problems and failings, the manager is automatically cast in the role of counselor. This role for the manager, in turn, results naturally in a problem-solving discussion. In the traditional performance appraisal interview, on the other hand, the manager is automatically cast in the role of judge. The subordinates natural reaction is to assume a defensive posture, and thus all the necessary ingredients for an argument are present. Performance appraisal effectiveness refers to the accuracy of performance observations and ratings as well as the ability of the performance appraisal process to improve the ratees future performance (Lee C. 1985). EMPLOYEE AND EMPLOYERS PERSPECTIVE As highlighted above, that the word performance appraisals evoke immediate and sometimes negative response from the managers and employees in the appraisal process of organizational life (Longenecker 1997). Yet, every manager recognizes that, like it or not, performance appraisals are here to stay. Longenecker (1989) argues that politics has its stake in an organizations performance appraisal process and that it takes only the deliberate effort of the manager and those partaking in training employees on appraisal techniques to make the performance appraisal process free from what he called Mired political game. Politics has been indicated as a critical determinant in organizations for reward distribution and this however still remains an untapped research (Sogra et al 2009). For decades, employee evaluations have been used for a variety of different organizational purposes. Previously, the appraisal process was generally considered to be one of the more difficult and yet routine and narrow management practices. In contrast, it is now widely recognized as a significant vehicle for improving performance and productivity of both employees and organizations. To this end, many organizations and managers are currently reexamining their appraisal procedures and practices. Why performance evaluation currently is viewed in such an expanded light after its rather difficult and humble past? Discrepancies with performance appraisal in relation to employee and employer Consequently the review of the literature drawing from Crook and Crossman (2004) and Mounts (1984) research on an effective performance appraisal system, it was discovered that major difference exist in the perception of appraisal system between employees and managers. These differences were however attributed to the roles employees and managers perform during the appraisal process; Managers are givers of information and feedbacks, whereas employees are mere receivers. Bretz et al. (1992) suggests that major discrepancies arising from performance appraisal system may be traced to the lack of adequate training given to people for their role as an appraisee. The author argues that training to make adequate assessments and oversee an effective performance appraisal system is been given to managers and other principal, while training for analyzing and acting on constructive performance evaluations are not given to the appraisees. He further suggests that those without any appraisal role within the organization do not often receive training in the performance appraisal system, both in efficient utilization of its output and its method of working (Crook and Crossman 2004). CROOK AND CROSSMAN (2004) based on his findings, asked a fundamental question in solving these discrepancies is a difference in satisfaction with a PAS linked to a persons role in an organization a desirable outcome? He argued that it is advantageous for participants of appraisal alone to be more pleased with the performance appraisal system rather than participants who act both as appraisee and appraisers. The authors further argue participants that fill both roles will encounter problems from both perspectives and therefore ensure a fairly and time-framed appraisal considering their experience. Organizational managers should identify the significance of employee involvement in establishing performance values at the launch of the appraisal phase and provide performance feedback through the appraisal phase (Inderrieden et al. 1988). AN EFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEM In order to build up an effective performance appraisal system, two major criteria and goal need to be accomplished. Firstly, the relevance and its applicability of performance appraisal to everyday work practice in organizations (both large corporation and small business enterprise) and secondly, the satisfaction and acceptability of the performance appraisal system by employees and employers appraisers and workers (Duraisingham V. And Skinner N. 2005). Past and recent research have argued that a firms objective should be able to focus on how their employee will improve its knowledge and skills in order to have high increase productivity, sustained competitive improvement. Both employee and employers require adequate training in order to participate fairly in the performance appraisal system in ensuring that realistic expectations and feedbacks are received and acted on. An effective work plan (goal setting) for managers was also considered suitable and the consideration of employees via discussing their career plans in the appraisal process, which enhance goal congruence between the employee and employer (Crook and Crossman 2004, Mount 1984 and Inderrieden et al. 1988). Bretz et al (1992) also advocated the need for training to be an ongoing process in order to attain utmost efficiency and effectiveness. Crook and Crossman (2004) states that an effective appraisal system can be achieved by increasing interactional justice by promoting employee involvement in the appraisal system. The joint involvement of both the employee and employer in the performance appraisal system will effectively ensure a more conducive working environment and targeted agreement between both parties; through the use of feedback, training, frequent reviews for development and many more. Systems that focus only on examining performance without any personal benefit would not attract employees (Hunt N. 2007). An effective performance appraisal system should be as simple as possible without been over-bureaucratic. The operation of the performance appraisal system would however not be effective without the fairness and consistentency in operation by the participants. This will lead to enhanced satisfaction for both employees and employers (Crook and Crossman 2004 and Hunt N. 2007). Hunt N. (2007) suggests that employers and organizations should also eliminate political mentally in order to have a successful and effective performance appraisal as this promotes unfairness and would tamper productivity in the long run The present paper suggests that utilizing performance appraisal formats and designing training programs without considering the nature of the task may explain unsuccessful attempts in devising more accurate and efficient performance appraisal systems. Appraising performance according to the nature of the task, matching task nature with performance appraisal format, and designing training programs to increase observational accuracy may improve performance appraisal systems as well as contribute to successful organizational placement and promotion decisions. Future research should examine other factors that may contribute to performance appraisal effectiveness (Lee C. 1985). Whatever system is used, a good measure of success is how those appraised and compensated perceive the accuracy and fairness of the program. A program that is seen as fair and personalized, regardless of sophistication, will likely be motivational. A good first step in deciding whether changes are needed in a performance appraisal system may be a survey of management and employee attitudes about appraisal practices and compensation. Biased and malicious deliberate appraisers should be eliminated in constructing an effective performance appraisal system. However, it is not feasible for employee employer relationship to remain good all the time, but the system must be designed in a way that it does not ensure systematic partiality; which might warrant the use of external appraiser (even though this can also lead to rifts). In establishing an effective and efficient performance appraisal system, it would be imperative put into consideration not only the employee but also the employers, who will act as the appraiser rather than the appraised. Employers and managers would also have anxieties and apprehension about the appraisal systems effectiveness, whether training would be adequate for employees, whether employees are aware of the opportunities for training and development available within the organization. In order to have an effective performance appraisal, both participants of the process should be sort during the designing process of the system to the implementation stage. BENEFITS OF PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL conclusion Performance appraisal is a formal exercise carried out for all executives and workers/ staff with respect to their contributions made towards the growth of the organization. The benefits of a successful appraisal system can be summed up as follows. a. For the Appraisal 1. Better understanding of this role in the organization. What is expected and what needs to be done in meet those expectations. 2. Clear understanding of his strengths and weakness so as to develop himself into a better performer in future. b. For the Management 1. Identification of performer non-performers and their development towards better performance. 2. Identification of training development needs. 3. Generation of ideas for improvement. c. For the Organization 1. Improved performance throughout the organization. 2. Creation of culture of continuous improvement and success. Conclusion There are many benefits to implementing a regular and systematic performance appraisal system within an AOD organisation. In order to gain the most benefit from performance appraisals it is recommended that a system is developed in consultation with workers and managers, and clear links are established between appraisals and valued rewards and outcomes (Duraisingham V. And Skinner N. 2005). Read more: http://www.bukisa.com/articles/351690_introduction-to-performance-appraisal#ixzz15gqd81Gd Hunt N. (2007) Conducting Staff Appraisals; How to Books Ltd, United Kingdom. Chapter 1 11. Redman T. and Wilkinson A. (2006); Contemporary Human Resource Management (Text and Cases): Performance Appraisal: Chapter 6 pg 153 187; Pearson Education Limited: England. Bratton J. and Gold J. (1999): Human Resource Management (Theory and Practice): Performance Appraisal: Chapter 8 pg 214 236: Palgrave publishers Ltd: Houndmills Fletcher, C. (1994). Performance appraisal in context: Organizational changes and their impact on practice. In N. Anderson P. Herriot (Eds.), Assessment and selection in organizations: Methods and practice for recruitment and appraisal (pp. 41-56). Chichester, England: John Wiley Sons. Duraisingham V. And Skinner N. (2005): Workforce development TIPS Theory in Practices strategies resource kits: performance Appraisal: Chapter 8: www.nceta.flinders.edu.au (Cleveland, Mohammed, Skattebo, Sin, 2003; Cleveland, Murphy, Williams, 1989) DeNisi Gonzalez, 2000; Meyer, Kay, French, 1965).

Discuss research into different type of attachment Essay

Mary Ainsworth conducted two naturalistic observations, one in the rural community of Kampala in Uganda which lasted for two years and the other in the urban city of Baltimore which had lasted for one year. The aim of this observation was to look at a mother and infant interaction. In both study she used the same number of participants, which were 26 mothers and their infants. Using the strange situation she found three different types of attachments that were displayed by the children and the fourth found by Main and Solomon. The first study in Uganda she found that some mothers were more sensitive to their infants needs meaning that, they were more capable of providing more details about their infants. The infants of these mothers were ‘securely attached’, this means that in their mothers’ presence they cried little and were more eager to explore. This secure attachment led to the infants being more independence because they used their mothers as a secure base that they could run to in time of danger. The second observation took place in Baltimore, America. In this study she and her team did not use a behaviour checklist which means that there was not certain thing that she was looking for, for example she did not have a paper where she wrote all the behaviour that she was looking for such as anger or sorrow and ticked them off when she witnessed it, she was purely just writing what she had seen. In this observation she found that mother were more sensitive to their infants for the first three months of their lives, meaning that in the one year that she had studied them, only for the first three months the mother, who was classified as a secure base responded more to the infants needs during that time period. Learning theorist found this confusing, this is because from their understanding, responsiveness to behavioural social releasers, such as crying should act as a reinforcer and increase the crying, but this was different Anisworth predication which was that behavioural social releasers decrease the caregiver responsiveness. One limitation of these studies is that because it was a longitudinal study, which means that it went over for a long period of time, it may have caused  participant attrition, where participants drop out of the study and this may cause problems for her, such as she may not have yet found what she needed. but one strength of the study being longitudinal is that the mother may become more comfortable with the fact of someone observing them so this could led to them being more free and able to express themselves better, and this would be an advantage for Mary as she will witness the mothers true personality and behaviour. One limitation of the Baltimore study alone was that her study was not operationalised; meaning that she did not define what she was observing and this could lead to her finding irrelevant information. In the Baltimore study we saw that Mary Anisworth conducting her research using the Strange Situation. This method was used to test the nature of attachment systematically. the aim of this was to see how infants behaved under condition of mild stress and novelty, this stress was created by a presence of a stranger and by separation from caregiver; this is tests stranger anxiety and separation anxiety. The strange situation also tries to encourage exploration by placing infant in a novel situation which tests the secure base concept. This research takes place in a novel environment, this is a 9Ãâ€"9 foot square marked off into 16 squares, and this was to help mark the movements of the infants. This method consists of eight episodes, each used to emphasise certain behaviours; the behaviour that was assessed was stranger anxiety, this is the distress shown by an infant when approached or picked up by someone who is unknown to them. The second behaviour assessed is separation anxiety, this is the distress revealed by infants when separated from its primary attachment figure. And the last behaviour assessed was Reunion behaviour this is the behaviour shown by infants when reunited with their mother. The results in a strange situation are collected by a group of observers who record what the infants are doing every 15 seconds. Aniworth et al (1978) found that there are three types of attachment that infants had with their caregiver. One of the attachment found was the secure attachment, this is when an infant has a strong and cooperative interaction with their caregiver. These types of infants properly will not cry if their caregiver leaves the room, but when feeling scared they use their caregiver  as safety net that they run to seek close bodily contact and although they may not want to leave their caregivers side prematurely, they are easily soothed. They seek and are comfortable with social interaction and intimacy. The securely attached infants are more independent this is because they use their caregiver a secure base and because they know that they have this secure base they tend to explore their environment more. Another type of attachment is Insecure-avoidant, this attachment is formed of children that don’t like to socially interact with others and tend to avoid intimacy. In the strange situation, when separated from their caregiver these children show little response and do not seek proximity of their caregiver on reunion. If the infant is picked up they may show little or no tendency to cling or resist being put down. These children do not need their caregiver to be there for them to explore, they are quite happy to do it without them. They may also become quite angry because their attachment needs are not met. Furthermore another type of attachment is insecure-resistant, these are children who both seek and reject intimacy and social interaction. When separated with their caregiver they show intense distress, on reunion they may resist being picked up while also trying to maintain proximity. The last type of attachment was found by Main and Solomon (1986) when they done a re-analysis of over 200 strange situation. The fourth attachment that they found was Disorganised; this type is characterised by a lack of a consistent patterns of social behaviour. These children can show strong attachment, which is suddenly followed by avoidance or looking fearful towards their caregiver or displaying odd movements such as stumbling. In conclusion, there are four types of attachment that children display these are secure attachment, insecure- resistant, insecure avoidance and disorganised and a way to identify what type of attachment a child has is to use the strange situation method, that was first conducting by Mary Anisworth.